Graft polymerization initiated on graphitic nanomaterials and their nanocomposite formation

ABSTRACT

An improved graft polymerization method from general graphitic structures with organic based monomers through the mechanism of Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) polymerization was developed. Organic hybrid nanomaterials comprising graphitic structures are covalently bonded via chemically reactive groups on the outer walls of the structure. Methods for forming the covalently bonded structures to many organic based monomers and/or polymers may occur through RAFT polymerization utilizing dithioester as a chain transfer agent. The method may also comprise nanocomposite formation of such organic hybrid nanomaterials with common plastic(s) to form graphitic nanocomposite reinforced plastic articles.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/614,982 filed Feb. 5, 2015, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/935,953, filed on Feb. 5, 2014,which are both incorporated herein by reference.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

This invention was made with government support under Grant No.DD-N000141110069 from the Office of Naval Research at the US Departmentof Defense. The government has certain rights in the invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to graft polymerization initiated ongraphitic nanomaterials and their nanocomposite formation with plastics.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In the previous invention entitled “Thiation of Carbon Nanotubes andComposite Formation” (U.S. Pat. No. 7,713,508 B2), graft polymerizationinitiated on dithioester-functionalized carbon nanotubes and theircomposite formation was first described by Curran, et al.Dithiocarboxylic ester formation catalyzed by phosphorus pentasulfidewas well documented for various alcohols and carboxylic acid. The roleof phosphorus pentasulfide was proposed to be activation of carboxylicfunctional group for nucleophilic attack and thiation of hydroxyl andcarbonyl functional groups. Utilizing dithioester as a chain transferagent for living free-radical polymerization of monomers, preferablythrough the mechanism of Reversible Addition-Fragmentation ChainTransfer (RAFT) polymerization, multi-walled carbon nanotube-polystyrene(MWCNT-PS) was synthesized and their composite formation withpolystyrene was well characterized (J. Mater. Res. 2006 21, 1071-1077).Thin films made from the composite with low MWCNT loadings (less than0.9 wt. %) were optically transparent and no evidence of aggregation ofnanotubes in the thin film or solution was observed. The result from theconductivity measurement as a function of MWCNT loadings suggests twocharge transport mechanisms: charge hopping in low MWCNT loadings(0.02-0.6 wt. %) and ballistic quantum conduction in high loadings(0.6-0.9 wt. %). The composite exhibits dramatically enhancedconductivity up to 33 S/m at a low MWCNT loading (0.9 wt. %).

An improved method was developed to connect general graphitic structuresto other organic based monomers. The present invention comprises organichybrid nanomaterials with graphitic structures covalently bonded viachemically reactive groups on walls of the structure and methods forforming the covalently bonded structures to many other organic basedmonomers and/or polymers through RAFT polymerization utilizingdithioester as a chain transfer agent. The present invention alsocomprises nanocomposite formation of such organic hybrid nanomaterialswith plastic to form graphitic nanocomposite reinforced plasticarticles.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In some embodiments, graphitic nanomaterials may comprise at least onetype of material that is rich in carbon content that is densely packedin a regular sp²-bonded structure. Examples of such materials include,but are not limited to, carbon black, carbon fiber, graphite, graphene,graphene oxides, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and their derivatives.

In some embodiments, graphitic nanocomposites may comprise at least twocovalently linked structures. As a nonlimiting example, the structuresmay be linked with a dithioester having a formula such as:

Here carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are used as an example to represent thegraphitic materials. A similar formula should apply to all othergraphitic nanomaterials listed above.

In some embodiments, a method of functionalizing graphitic materialscomprise thiolating the surface of graphitic materials with phosphoruspentasulfide (P₄S₁₀), Lawesson's reagent:2,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane-2,4-disulfide(C₁₄H₁₄O₂P₂S₄), Belleau's Reagent:2,4-Bis(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1,3-dithia-2,4-diphosphetane-2,4-disulfide(C₂₄H₁₈O₂P₂S₄) or Davy's Reagent:2,4-Bis(methylthio)-1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane-2,4-disulfide(C₂H₆P₂S₆). In some embodiments, the method may comprise carboxylizingthe graphitic materials prior to reacting with phosphorus pentasulfideor other reagents in an organic solution. The graphitic materials arereacted with the phosphorus pentasulfide or other reagents in an organicsolution comprising anhydrous toluene or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Thesolution is refluxed. For example, the solution may be refluxed forequal to or between approximately 12 and 48 hours at temperatures equalto or between about 110 and 200° C.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises polymerizing thedithioester-functionalized graphitic materials utilized dithioester as achain transfer agent for living free-radical polymerization of monomers,such as through the mechanism of RAFT polymerization.

In some embodiments, the dithioester-functionalized graphitic materialsare sonicated with at least one type of organic monomers and at leastone type of free-radical initiators in an organic solution comprisinganhydrous toluene, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylformamide,N,N-dimethylacetamide, 4-butyrolactone or1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone.

In some embodiments, the reaction mixture comprising thedithioester-functionalized graphitic materials, the monomers and thefree-radical initiators is refluxed. For example, the solution may berefluxed for equal to or between approximately 12 and 48 hours attemperatures equal to or between about 110 and 200° C. The reactionmixture is then cooled and tetrahydrofuran is added to the reactionmixture. The reaction mixture is added to methanol and a polymerizedgraphitic nanocomposite is precipitated and dried.

In some embodiments, the polymerized graphitic nanomaterial is mixedwith their corresponding polymers in a ratio equal to or between about 1and 99 wt. % to produce common plastic articles. In some embodiments,the polymerized graphitic nanomaterial is mixed with their correspondingpolymers in a ratio equal to or between about 10 and 99 wt. % to producecommon plastic articles. In some embodiments, the polymerized graphiticnanomaterial is mixed with their corresponding polymers in a ratio equalto or between about 20 and 99 wt. % to produce common plastic articles.In some embodiments, the polymerized graphitic nanomaterial is mixedwith their corresponding polymers in a ratio equal to or between about30 and 99 wt. % to produce common plastic articles. In some embodiments,the polymerized graphitic nanomaterial is mixed with their correspondingpolymers in a ratio equal to or between about 40 and 99 wt. % to producecommon plastic articles. In some embodiments, the polymerized graphiticnanomaterial is mixed with their corresponding polymers in a ratio equalto or between about 50 and 99 wt. % to produce common plastic articles.Further, in some embodiments, the abovenoted polymerized graphiticnanomaterial to corresponding polymers ratio may be sufficient toproduce common plastic articles that exhibit conductivity equal to orgreater than 1 S/m. In some embodiments, the polymerized graphiticnanomaterial to corresponding polymers ratio may be equal to or betweenabout 1 to 50 wt. %. In some embodiments, the abovenoted polymerizedgraphitic nanomaterial to corresponding polymers ratio may be sufficientto produce common plastic articles that exhibit improved physicalstrength equal to or greater than 1% comparing to the original plasticwithout graphitic nanomaterials. In some embodiments, the polymerizedgraphitic nanomaterial to corresponding polymers ratio may be equal toor between about 1 to 30 wt. %. In some embodiments, the abovenotedpolymerized graphitic nanomaterial to corresponding polymers ratio maybe sufficient to produce common plastic articles which exhibit lowerplastic processing temperature equal to or greater than 1° C. comparingto the original plastic without graphitic nanomaterials. In someembodiments, the polymerized graphitic nanomaterial to correspondingpolymers ratio may be equal to or between about 1 to 10 wt. %. In someembodiments, the abovenoted polymerized graphitic nanomaterial tocorresponding polymers ratio may be sufficient to produce common plasticarticles that may change the color or transparency of the originalplastic without graphitic nanomaterials. In some embodiments, variousgraphitic nanomaterial(s) may be utilized to form polymerized articleswith the graphitic nanocomposite by following similar proceduresdiscussed above.

The foregoing has outlined rather broadly various features of thepresent disclosure in order that the detailed description that followsmay be better understood. Additional features and advantages of thedisclosure will be described hereinafter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure, and theadvantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptionsto be taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings describingspecific embodiments of the disclosure, wherein:

FIG. 1 shows a schematic illustration of the mechanism of an embodimentfor the formation of dithioester and the covalent bonding of carbonnanotubes followed by the reversible addition-fragmentation chaintransfer polymerization of suitable monomers (CH₂═CR₁R₂) to form thepolymerized carbon nanotube nanomaterial.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic illustration of the mechanism of an embodimentfor the formation of dithioester and the covalent bonding ofgraphene/graphene oxide followed by the reversibleaddition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of suitablemonomers (CH₂═CR₁R₂) to form the polymerized graphene/graphene oxidenanomaterial.

FIG. 3 shows the conductivity values calculated for each of sevenMWCNT-PODA composites with different MWCNT loadings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description andthe following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only,and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed. In thisapplication, the use of the singular includes the plural, the word “a”or “an” means “at least one”, and the use of “or” means “and/or”, unlessspecifically stated otherwise. Furthermore, the use of the term“including”, as well as other forms, such as “includes” and “included”,is not limiting. Also, terms such as “element” or “component” encompassboth elements or components comprising one unit and elements orcomponents that comprise more than one unit unless specifically statedotherwise.

Methods and composition for producing graphitic nanocomposite reinforcedplastic articles are discussed herein. The present invention offers newcompositions and methods for making graphitic nanocomposites with commonplastic polymers.

In some embodiments, graphitic nanomaterials may comprise at least onetype of material that is rich in carbon content that is densely packedin a regular sp²-bonded structure. Examples of such graphiticnanomaterials include, but are not limited to, carbon black, carbonfiber, graphite, graphene, graphene oxides, carbon nanotubes, fullerenesand/or their derivatives.

In some embodiments, graphitic nanocomposites may comprise at least twocovalently linked structures. In some embodiments, the structures may belinked with a dithioester having a formula such as:

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are used as a nonlimiting example to representthe graphitic materials and linking structure in the formula above. Itwill be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art that a similarformula may apply to all other graphitic nanomaterials discussedpreviously above.

In some embodiments, a method of functionalizing graphitic materialscomprises thiolating the surface of graphitic materials as shown inillustrative embodiments provided in FIGS. 1 and 2. In particular, FIG.1 illustrates an embodiment for carbon nanotubes, and FIG. 2 illustratesan embodiment for graphene/graphene oxide. As a nonlimiting example,graphitic materials may be functionalized with phosphorus pentasulfide(P₄S₁₀), Lawesson's reagent:2,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane-2,4-disulfide(C₁₄H₁₄O₂P₂S₄), Belleau's Reagent:2,4-Bis(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1,3-dithia-2,4-diphosphetane-2,4-disulfide(C₂₄H₁₈O₂P₂S₄) or Davy's Reagent:2,4-Bis(methylthio)-1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane-2,4-disulfide(C₂H₆P₂S₆). In some embodiments, the method may comprise carboxylizingthe graphitic materials prior to reacting with phosphorus pentasulfideor other reagents in an organic solution. The graphitic materials may bereacted with the phosphorus pentasulfide or other reagents in an organicsolution comprising anhydrous toluene, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone,N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, 4-butyrolactone or1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone.

The solution is refluxed. For example, the solution may be refluxed forequal to or between approximately 12 and 48 hours at temperatures equalto or between about 110 and 200° C.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises polymerizing thedithioester-functionalized graphitic materials utilized dithioester as achain transfer agent for living free-radical polymerization of monomers,such as through the mechanism of Reversible Addition-Fragmentation ChainTransfer (RAFT) polymerization.

In some embodiments, the dithioester-functionalized graphitic materialsare sonicated with at least one type of monomers and at least one typeof free-radical initiators in an organic solution comprising anhydroustoluene, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylformamide,N,N-dimethylacetamide, 4-butyrolactone or1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone. The monomers may be methacrylates,methacrylamides, acrylonitrile, styrene, butadiene, vinyl acetate,octadecyl acrylate, and/or their derivatives. The free-radicalinitiators may be azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN),4,4′-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid), 1,1′-azobis(cyclohexanecarbonitrile),or 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride.

In some embodiments, the reaction mixture comprising thedithioester-functionalized graphitic materials, the monomers and thefree-radical initiators is refluxed. For example, the solution may berefluxed for equal to or between approximately 12 and 48 hours attemperatures equal to or between about 110 and 200° C. The reactionmixture is cooled and tetrahydrofuran is added to the reaction mixture.The reaction mixture is added to methanol and a polymerized graphiticnanocomposite is precipitated and dried.

In some embodiments, the polymerized graphitic nanomaterial (which mayalso be referred to herein as graphitic material, MWCNT, or CNT loadingor the like) is mixed with their corresponding polymers in a ratio equalto or between about 1 and 99 wt. % to produce common plastic articles.In some embodiments, the polymerized graphitic nanomaterial is mixedwith their corresponding polymers in a ratio equal to or between about10 and 99 wt. % to produce common plastic articles. In some embodiments,the polymerized graphitic nanomaterial is mixed with their correspondingpolymers in a ratio equal to or between about 20 and 99 wt. % to producecommon plastic articles. In some embodiments, the polymerized graphiticnanomaterial is mixed with their corresponding polymers in a ratio equalto or between about 30 and 99 wt. % to produce common plastic articles.In some embodiments, the polymerized graphitic nanomaterial is mixedwith their corresponding polymers in a ratio equal to or between about40 and 99 wt. % to produce common plastic articles. In some embodiments,the polymerized graphitic nanomaterial is mixed with their correspondingpolymers in a ratio equal to or between about 50 and 99 wt. % to producecommon plastic articles. Further, in some embodiments, the abovenotedpolymerized graphitic nanomaterial to corresponding polymers ratio maybe sufficient to produce common plastic articles that exhibitconductivity equal to or greater than 1 S/m. In some embodiments, thepolymerized graphitic nanomaterial to corresponding polymers ratio maybe equal to or between about 1 to 50 wt. %. In some embodiments, theabovenoted polymerized graphitic nanomaterial to corresponding polymersratio may be sufficient to produce common plastic articles that exhibitimproved physical strength equal to or greater than 1% comparing to theoriginal plastic without graphitic nanomaterials. In some embodiments,the polymerized graphitic nanomaterial to corresponding polymers ratiomay be equal to or between about 1 to 30 wt. %. In some embodiments, theabovenoted polymerized graphitic nanomaterial to corresponding polymersratio may be sufficient to produce common plastic articles which exhibitlower plastic processing temperature equal to or greater than 1° C.comparing to the original plastic without graphitic nanomaterials. Insome embodiments, the polymerized graphitic nanomaterial tocorresponding polymers ratio may be equal to or between about 1 to 10wt. %. In some embodiments, the abovenoted polymerized graphiticnanomaterial to corresponding polymers ratio may be sufficient toproduce common plastic articles that may change the color ortransparency of the original plastic without graphitic nanomaterials. Insome embodiments, various graphitic nanomaterial(s) may be utilized toform polymerized articles with the graphitic nanocomposite by followingsimilar procedures discussed above. The polymers are selected from thosethat are suitable for mixing with graphitic nanomaterials. The polymersmay include, but are not limited to, polyethylene (PE), poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers (ABS),polycarbonate (PC), polyurethane (PU), any other suitable polymers,and/or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, various graphiticnanomaterial(s) may be utilized to form polymerized articles with thegraphitic nanocomposite by following similar procedures discussed above.However, processing conditions may be adjusted accordingly after theintroduction of the polymerized graphitic nanomaterial in order toachieve desired properties.

In some embodiments, to form a desired shape of the graphiticnanocomposite article for testing or commercial use, the polymerizedgraphitic nanomaterial/polymer mixture may be poured into a mold orundergo a molding process, such as injection molding, compressionmolding, extrusion, or the like, to form a free standing bulk article.In some embodiments, the free standing bulk article may have a volumeequal to or between about 1 cm³ to 100 m³. In some embodiments, thepolymerized graphitic nanomaterial/polymer mixture may be deposited on aflat substrate to form a thin film coating. In some embodiments, thethin film coating may have a thickness equal to or between about 1 nmand 1 mm. The method of depositing the thin film coating may comprise,but is not limited to, drop-casting, spin-coating, doctor-blading,inkjet-printing or spraying. Depending on the processes to produce eachtype of articles, the solvent may be removed and the mixture may becured at a set temperature equal to or between about 25 and 400° C. fora period of time equal to or between about 1 second and 24 hours.

In some embodiments, one or more functional additives may be added intothe polymerized graphitic nanomaterial/polymer mixture. The functionaladditives do not impair the original functions of the resultingnanocomposite. Here the functional additives may have the properties of,but not limited to, UV absorbing/blocking, anti-reflective,fire-retardant, conducting, and/or anti-microbial. The additives can becomposed of, but are not limited to, organic/inorganicmolecules/polymers having molecular weight up to about 100,000 Da;organic micro/nano materials in their natural or synthetic forms (e.g.particles, nanotubes and nanosheets) having sizes equal to or betweenabout 1 nm and 500 μm; and/or metal/metal oxide micro/nano materials(e.g. silver, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide and clay) intheir natural or synthetic forms (e.g. particles, nanotubes andnanosheets) having sizes equal to or between about 1 nm and 500 μm.

In some embodiments, the methods to produce graphitic nanocompositeswith common plastics can vary depending on the articles of interest,which are listed individually in the following experimental examples.The solution/mixture described below used to produce such articles mayvary in their chemical constituents, concentration of reagents insolution/mixture, and deposition procedure. The following sections arestructured and arranged by the particular material type.Correspondingly, discussion about the composition of material,particular chemical solution/mixture used, and/or depositional procedurefor various material types is provided below.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE

Embodiments described herein are included to demonstrate particularaspects of the present disclosure. It should be appreciated by those ofskill in the art that the embodiments described herein merely representexemplary embodiments of the disclosure. Those of ordinary skill in theart should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that manychanges can be made in the specific embodiments described and stillobtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit andscope of the present disclosure. From the foregoing description, one ofordinary skill in the art can easily ascertain the essentialcharacteristics of this disclosure, and without departing from thespirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications toadapt the disclosure to various usages and conditions. The embodimentsdescribed hereinabove are meant to be illustrative only and should notbe taken as limiting of the scope of the disclosure.

CNTs:

The following describes an exemplary procedure to preparedithioester-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs).Purified MWCNTs were first oxidized in concentrated H₂SO₄/HNO₃ (7:3 v/v)solution by sonication (12 h, 130 W) to form carboxylic acid (—COOH) andhydroxyl (—OH) functional groups on the nanotube surface. The MWCNTs maybe provided by any suitable method, such as synthesis by chemical vapordeposition (CVD) or an arc discharge method. In some embodiments, theoxidation may not be required if enough carboxylic acid and hydroxylfunctional groups already exist in the MWCNTs as received. Thesuspension was diluted with deionized water and filtered under vacuumthrough a nylon microfilter (0.2 μm) and washed thoroughly with moredeionized water. To form the dithiocarboxylic ester linkage, synthesisof thiolated MWCNTs was achieved by adding dried carboxylated MWCNTs toanhydrous toluene and phosphorus pentasulfide in a round bottomed flask.The resulting mixture was refluxed at 140° C. for 48 hours. The reactionmixture was then cooled and filtered under vacuum through a nylonmicrofilter (0.2 μm) and the product was washed thoroughly withanhydrous toluene and dried. The thiolated MWCNTs were then stored in adesiccator under nitrogen before use.

Graphene/Graphene Oxide:

The following describes an exemplary procedure to preparedithioester-functionalized graphene/graphene oxide. Using liquid-phaseexfoliation of graphite in common organic solvent such asN-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, graphene/graphene oxide dispersion can beproduced through sonication (24 h, 130 W). To form the dithiocarboxylicester linkage, synthesis of thiolated graphene/graphene oxide wasachieved by adding phosphorus pentasulfide into graphene/graphene oxidedispersion in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in a round bottomed flask. Theresulting mixture was heated at 140° C. for 48 hours. The reactionmixture was then cooled and filtered under vacuum through a nylonmicrofilter (0.2 μm) and the product was washed thoroughly with methanoland dried. The thiolated graphene/graphene oxide was then stored in adesiccator under nitrogen before use.

CNT and Styrene Polymerization:

The following describes an exemplary procedure to prepare polymerizedMWCNT nanomaterial with styrene. In some embodiments, the procedure canalso be used to produce polymerized MWCNT nanomaterial with othermonomers, such as methacrylates, methacrylamides, acrylonitrile,butadiene, vinyl acetate, octadecyl acrylate, or the like.Dithioester-functionalized MWCNTs and the radical initiatorazobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) were first added into the Schlenk flaskwith stirrer bar and the air was pumped out of the flask and replacedthe resulting vacuum with an inert gas (Argon or Nitrogen) and anhydroustoluene was added. The resulting mixture was first sonicated (10 s, 130W) and styrene (after removal of inhibitor) in different molar ratioswas added before the flask was sealed. The mixture was heated at 110° C.in a silicon oil bath for 24 hours with continual stirring. The reactionmixture was cooled before adding the tetrahydrofuran, and the resultingmixture was slowly added to methanol and precipitate formed. Theprecipitate was filtered and volatile materials were removed undervacuum to yield the light grey powder as the MWCNT-polystyrene(MWCNT-PS) nanomaterial.

Graphene/Graphene Oxide and Styrene Polymerization:

The following describes an exemplary procedure to prepare polymerizedgraphene/graphene oxide nanomaterial with styrene. The procedure canalso be used to produce polymerized graphene/graphene oxide nanomaterialwith other monomers, such as methacrylates, methacrylamides,acrylonitrile, butadiene, vinyl acetate, octadecyl acrylate, or thelike. Dithioester-functionalized graphene/graphene oxide and the radicalinitiator azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) were first added into theSchlenk flask with stirrer bar and the air was pumped out of the flaskand replaced the resulting vacuum with an inert gas (Argon or Nitrogen)and anhydrous toluene was added. The resulting mixture was firstsonicated (10 s, 130 W) and styrene (after removal of inhibitor) indifferent molar ratio was added before the flask was sealed. The mixturewas heated at 110° C. in a silicon oil bath for 24 hours with continualstirring. The reaction mixture was cooled before adding thetetrahydrofuran, and the resulting mixture was slowly added to methanoland precipitate formed. The precipitate was filtered and volatilematerials were removed under vacuum to yield the light grey powder asthe graphene/graphene oxide-polystyrene (graphene/graphene oxide-PS)nanomaterial.

CNT and Octadecyl Acrylate Polymerization:

The following describes an exemplary procedure to prepare polymerizedMWCNT nanomaterial with octadecyl acrylate. Dithioester-functionalizedMWCNTs, octadecyl acrylate (in different molar ratios comparing todithioester-functionalized MWCNTs) and the radical initiatorazobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) were first added into the Schlenk flaskwith stirrer bar and the air was pumped out of the flask and replacedthe resulting vacuum with an inert gas (Argon or Nitrogen) and anhydroustoluene was added before the flask was sealed. The resulting mixture wasfirst sonicated (10 s, 130 W) and then heated at 120° C. in a siliconoil bath for 20 hours with continual stirring. The reaction mixture wascooled and slowly added to methanol to form precipitate. The precipitatewas filtered and volatile materials were removed under vacuum to yieldthe grey powder as the MWCNT-poly(octadecyl acrylate) (MWCNT-PODA)nanomaterial. Assuming fully recovery of the MWCNT-PODA, the loadings ofthe MWCNT to the final polymer composite can be calculated. The productfrom seven batches of the polymerization was collected separately andthe loadings or ratio of the MWCNT to the final polymer compositeproduct are 12, 14, 36, 47, 71, 89 and 99%, respectively.

Melting Point Measurements of MWCNT-PODA Composite:

The melting points of MWCNT-PODA composite samples were determined byvisually observing the onset of a phase change from a solid to a liquid.A vial containing a known amount of composite sample was tightly boundto the probe of a digital thermometer using two nylon zip ties. Theprobe/sample system was then immersed in a silicone oil bath to promoteuniform heating of the sample. The oil bath was heated/stirred using ahotplate/magnetic stirrer. An additional glass alcohol-thermometer wasused as a reference to corroborate the temperature readings outputted bythe digital thermometer. The MWCNT-PODA composite with MWCNT loadings of12% displayed a melting point of 48.9±1.0° C. The MWCNT-PODA compositewith MWCNT loadings of 14% displayed a melting point of 53.1±1.0° C. Nochange was visually observable for MWCNT-PODA composites with MWCNTloadings of 36, 47, 71, 89 and 99%, even after heating the oil bath to˜200° C.

Electrical Conductivity Measurements of MWCNT-PODA Composite:

The electrical conductivity of MWCNT-PODA nanocomposite materials werecalculated using measured values of the resistance across each of sevendifferent experimental mixtures differing only in MWCNT loading. Samplesfor electronic characterization were prepared by adding ˜500 μL ofhexane to ˜30 mg of each of the dry experimental mixtures. Three sampleswere prepared for each of the seven different filler-loadings viadrop-casting of ˜50 μL aliquots of the respective mixture between pairsof thin-film gold (Au) electrodes on a glass substrate, yielding a totalof 21 composite samples. Once drop-casted onto the characterizationdevices, the samples were allowed air-dry at room conditions (˜20° C.,relative humidity (RH)˜55%) for 5 minutes prior to curing in aventilated oven at 60° C. for 10 minutes. After curing, compact, hard,and uniform composites were obtained for certain filler-loadings. Allmixtures with MWCNT-loadings equal or more than 47% formed brittle filmsthat exhibited a high degree of cracking/fracturing, which was observedto increase proportionally with increasing filler-loading. Thin-film Auelectrodes were prepared via evaporation under high-vacuum. Thedimensional parameters of the thin-film Au electrodes were previouslycharacterized using a high-precision profilometer. The values ofthin-film thickness and inter-electrode gap were used in calculating theelectrical conductivity of each sample. Resistance measurements weretaken using the two-point probe setup and a picoammeter/sourcemeter. Theconductivity values calculated for each of the seven experimentalmixtures are summarized in the table provided in FIG. 3.

Graphitic Nanocomposite Reinforced Polyethylene:

The following describes an exemplary procedure to prepare graphiticnanocomposite reinforced polyethylene (PE) articles. The polymerizedgraphitic nanomaterials, such as MWCNT-poly(octadecyl acrylate) orgraphene/graphene oxide-poly(octadecyl acrylate), are mixed withcommercial grade PE pellets in a ratio between about 1 and 99% inelevated temperature above the melting temperature of the commercialgrade PE (between about 105 and 180° C.). The resulting mixture was thenfed into the molding processes including injection molding, compressionmolding, and extrusion to produce the graphitic nanocomposite reinforcedPE articles.

Graphitic Nanocomposite Reinforced Poly(Methyl Methacrylate):

The following describes an exemplary procedure to prepare graphiticnanocomposite reinforced poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, commonlycalled acrylic glass or Plexiglass) articles. The polymerized graphiticnanomaterials, such as MWCNT-poly(methyl methacrylate) orgraphene/graphene oxide-poly(methyl methacrylate), are mixed with PMMAin a ratio between about 1 and 99% in elevated temperature above theglass transition temperature of the commercial grade PMMA (between about85 and 165° C.). The resulting mixture was then feed into the moldingprocesses including injection molding, compression molding, andextrusion to produce the graphitic nanocomposite reinforced PMMAarticles.

Graphitic Nanocomposite Reinforced Polycarbonate:

The following describes an exemplary procedure to prepare graphiticnanocomposite reinforced polycarbonate (PC) articles. The polymerizedgraphitic nanomaterials, such as MWCNT-PS or graphene/graphene oxide-PS,are mixed with commercial grade PC pellets in a ratio between about 1and 99% in elevated temperature above the glass transition temperatureof the commercial grade PC (between about 147 and 155° C.). Theresulting mixture was then feed into the molding processes includinginjection molding, compression molding, and extrusion to produce thegraphitic nanocomposite reinforced PC articles.

Graphitic Nanocomposite Reinforced Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-StyreneCopolymers:

The following describes an exemplary procedure to prepare graphiticnanocomposite reinforced acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers(ABS) articles. The polymerized graphitic nanomaterials, such asMWCNT-polybutadiene, MWCNT-polyacrylonitrile and MWCNT-PS orgraphene/graphene oxide-polybutadiene, graphene/grapheneoxide-polyacrylonitrile and graphene/graphene oxide-PS, are mixed withcommercial grade ABS pellets in a ratio between about 1 and 99% inelevated temperature above the glass transition temperature of thecommercial grade ABS (˜105° C.). The resulting mixture was then feedinto the molding processes including injection molding, compressionmolding, and extrusion to produce the graphitic nanocomposite reinforcedABS articles.

Graphitic Nanocomposite Reinforced Polyurethane:

The following describes an exemplary procedure to prepare graphiticnanocomposite reinforced polyurethane (PU) articles. The polymerizedgraphitic nanomaterials, such as MWCNT-polymethacrylamide andMWCNT-poly(vinyl acetate) or graphene/graphene oxide-polymethacrylamideand graphene/graphene oxide-poly(vinyl acetate), are mixed with a ratiobetween about 1 and 99% into either the isocyanate or the polyols liquidstreams of the polyurethane resin blend system including additives, suchas chain extenders, cross linkers, surfactants, flame retardants and/orblowing agents. Until a homogeneous blend is obtained, the reactingliquid mixture is dispensed into a mold. After curing, the finishedarticles are demolded to produce the graphitic nanocomposite reinforcedPU articles.

What is claimed is:
 1. A graphitic nanocomposite comprising: graphitic nanomaterials comprising at least a first and second graphitic nanomaterial, wherein the at least one graphitic nanomaterial is functionalized by thiolating a surface, the at least one graphitic nanomaterial is mixed with at least one free-radical initiator and at least one type of monomer in at least one type of organic solution to provide a reaction mixture utilized to form the composite, and the at least one free-radical initiator is azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid), 1,1′-azobis(cyclohexanecarbonitrile), or 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride; at least one polymer covalently bonded to the first graphitic nanomaterial; and a linking structure that bonds the first graphitic nanomaterial to the second graphitic nanomaterial, wherein the linking structure is a dithioester and the at least one type of monomer, and a ratio of the graphitic nanomaterials to the at least one polymer is 10 to 99% wherein the graphitic nanomaterials are randomly oriented in the graphitic nanocomposite.
 2. The composite of claim 1, wherein the graphitic nanomaterials are carbon black, carbon fiber, graphite, graphene, graphene oxides, carbon nanotubes, or fullerenes.
 3. The composite of claim 1, wherein the polymerized graphitic nanocomposite comprises a polymer selected from polyethylene (PB), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers (ABS), polycarbonate (PC), or polyurethane (PU).
 4. The composite of claim 1, wherein the at least one type of monomer is a methacrylate, methacrylamide, acrylonitrile, styrene, butadiene, vinyl acetate, or octadecyl acrylate.
 5. The composite of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the at least one graphitic nanomaterial to a polymer provided by the graphitic nanocomposite is equal to or between about 10 to 30%.
 6. The composite of claim 1, wherein the at least one type of monomer is a methacrylate, methacrylamide, acrylonitrile, styrene, butadiene, vinyl acetate, or octadecyl acrylate.
 7. The composite of claim 1, wherein the polymerized graphitic nanocomposite exhibits conductivity equal to or greater than 1 S/m.
 8. The composite of claim 1, wherein the polymerized graphitic nanocomposite has a processing temperature equal to or greater than 1° C.
 9. The composite of claim 1, wherein the polymerized graphitic nanocomposite exhibits improved physical strength equal to or greater than 1% in comparison to a polymer of the at least one monomer.
 10. The composite of claim 1, wherein a ratio of the at least one graphitic nanomaterial to a polymer provided by the graphitic nanocomposite is equal to or between about 20 to 50%.
 11. The composite of claim 1, wherein a ratio of the at least one graphitic nanomaterial to a polymer provided by the graphitic nanocomposite is equal to or between about 10 to 30%.
 12. The composite of claim 1, wherein the polymerized graphitic nanocomposite has a color or transparency different from a polymer of the at least one type of monomer without the graphitic nanomaterials. 